Introduction to Code 21 Deductions

Code 21 represents one of the most commonly assessed deductions in international wushu competition under IWUF rules. Unlike error-based deductions that result from athlete mistakes during performance, Code 21 deductions stem from technical deficiencies that can be systematically corrected through focused practice.

Defining the Ho-Sau-Twe Back Sweep

Code 21 applies exclusively to the ho-sau-twe (back sweep) under Group A judging criteria for equality of movements. Judges assess only two specific technical faults during this technique: the sole of the sweeping foot losing contact with the carpet, or the sweeping leg bending at any point during execution.

What Judges Do Not Assess

Judges do not evaluate the completeness of rotation, body height during the sweep, or sweep velocity when assessing Code 21. This focused criteria allows athletes to understand precisely which technical elements require correction to avoid deduction.

Judging Methodology and Timing

A Code 21 deduction is assessed if either fault—foot contact loss or leg bending—occurs at any point from sweep initiation through completion. The deduction applies intermittently, meaning even brief lapses in foot contact or momentary leg flexion warrant assessment.

Distinguishing Bent from Obviously Bent

The ho-sau-twe employs a 'bent' standard rather than the 'obviously bent' (45-degree) threshold used for other techniques. Any visually perceptible deviation from straightness—whether five degrees or ninety degrees—constitutes a bent leg violation if judges can observe it.

Competitive Prevalence of Code 21

Analysis of scoreboards from international championships demonstrates Code 21 as the predominant Group A deduction across competitors. Multiple athletes receive this single deduction while maintaining high scores in other judging categories, underscoring its prevalence and technical specificity.

Case Study: Foot Contact Violation

In competitive examples, judges clearly identify when the sole rotates laterally rather than remaining parallel to the ground, causing the foot to lift during the sweep. This foot elevation, particularly when visible to judges' sightlines, triggers Code 21 deduction.

Case Study: Leg Bending During Sweep

Secondary violations occur when athletes allow the sweeping leg to hook or bend mid-motion, especially as fatigue sets in toward sweep completion. Combined with foot contact violations, bent-leg errors represent both deductible faults within a single movement.

Wushu - Code 21 Deduction - IWUF Rules

Brandon Sugiyama (invibe)

Standard Spear Sweep

2 min read·8 key moments·PT17M7S video

Key Takeaways

•Introduction to Code 21 Deductions
•Defining the Ho-Sau-Twe Back Sweep
•What Judges Do Not Assess
•Judging Methodology and Timing

For this first video, I'm talking about the code 21. Code 21 is a very common A judge deduction for a backsweep/huosaotui. There are two errors for which an A judge deducts a code 21: if the foot loses contact with the floor or if the sweeping leg is bent. Those are the only two criteria that A judges are looking for during a backsweep. Though this deduction is common, it is also easily preventable. While many techniques require an increase in athleticism (speed, strength, flexibility), correcting a backsweep only requires some focussed training and mindfulness during the routine.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does this video teach about standard spear sweep?

This video covers introduction to code 21 deductions, defining the ho-sau-twe back sweep, what judges do not assess. It provides detailed instruction from Brandon Sugiyama (invibe).

How long does it take to learn standard spear sweep?

The basic mechanics can be understood in a single session, but developing reliable execution requires consistent drilling over weeks of practice. This 8-part breakdown helps structure your training by isolating each phase of the technique.